MASIVAN : JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDIES
Principles of Aesthetics in Kaninividu thothu
The minor literary work (Chitrilakkiyam) titled Kaninividu Thoodu (Parrot-turned-Computer as a Messenger), authored by poet Masivan, stands as an innovative creation that bridges the ancient messenger literary tradition (Thoodu Ilakkiyam) with modern technology. This study explores the aesthetic principles revealed in personifying a mechanical computer as a work of art and a close, dependable companion carrying a message. Technological Aesthetics shines through as the author portrays the historical evolution of the computer—from the era of Charles Babbage to fifth-generation Artificial Intelligence—much like the narrative arc of an epic. Particularly in the traditional sections where the heroine’s physical attributes are described from head to toe (Padathi Kesa), the poet upholds natural aesthetics by comparing her eyes to magnets and her hair to dark clouds. The author’s logical explanation of how the computer surpasses traditional messenger motifs—such as clouds, gentle breezes, and parrots—in speed, precision, and reliability serves as testimony to the work’s comparative aesthetics. Furthermore, weaving the grammatical elements of the Tamil language—such as letters (Eluthu), words (Sol), and meaning (Porul)—with the operations of a computer demonstrates a rich linguistic aesthetics. Finally, this article establishes how poet Masivan gracefully crafted the modern concept of "Computers everywhere, in everything" with literary taste, seamlessly blending interior emotions (Akam) with scientific advancement. Such an approach confirms Tamil literature's flexibility to adapt to changing times while preserving its timeless aesthetic values.
Kaninividu Thoodu (Computer as a Messenger / Computer-Messenger Literature), Poet Masivan, Aesthetic Theory / Aesthetic Principle, Head-to-toe description (Padathi Kesa - a traditional literary convention describing a subject from feet to hair), Modern Technology, Chitrilakkiyam, கணினிவிடு தூது, மசிவன் கவி, அழகியல் கோட்பாடு, பாதாதி கேசம், நவீனத் தொழில்நுட்பம், சிற்றிலக்கியம்.
Copyright (c) 2026 MASIVAN : JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDIES https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Psychological Dimensions of Meerasadhu Novel
The human mind is not merely a manifestation of individual experiences; rather, it is a complex psychological construct shaped by social structures, cultural memory, and lived realities. Contemporary literature has increasingly foregrounded the intricate relationship between individual consciousness and the socio-cultural forces that influence human behaviour and emotional experiences. Within this literary tradition, the Malayalam writer K. R. Meera occupies a prominent position for her profound exploration of the psychological complexities of human existence, particularly those experienced by women. Her narratives intricately portray the emotional and psychological consequences of patriarchal oppression, social marginalisation, identity crises, trauma, loneliness, and internal conflicts. These psychological dimensions are presented not merely as individual conditions but as manifestations of broader socio-cultural realities. Against this backdrop, the present study seeks to examine the psychological dimensions represented in K. R. Meera's novel Meerasadhu, with particular emphasis on the ways in which psychological distress, loneliness, and inner conflicts are articulated through the experiences of its characters. By adopting a psychological perspective, this paper aims to analyse the complex interplay between the characters' inner consciousness and the socio-cultural forces that shape their psychological experiences.
உளவியல் - கே.ஆர்.மீரா – மீராசாது - சிக்மண்ட் ஃபிராய்டு - இட் – ஈகோ – சூப்பர்ஈகோ - மன அழுத்தம் - தனிமை – குற்றவுணர்வு - அடக்குமுறை – மனப்பிறழ்வு - உள்ளார்ந்த போராட்டம் – மனச்சிதைவு - ஆழ்ந்த உள்ளம் - நனவிலி மனம் – மனநோய், Psychology - K.R. Meera - Meerasadhu - Sigmund Freud - Id - Ego - Superego - Stress - Loneliness – Guilt - Repression - Mental disorder - Inner struggle - Mental breakdown - Deep psyche - Subconscious mind - Mental disorder.
The Ideal of Chastity in Sangam Literature
Morality stands as an indispensable cornerstone of human existence, serving as the primary compass that guides individuals toward achieving the apex of personal and social excellence. The distinction between a person’s ultimate elevation and decline is fundamentally rooted in their moral well-being and ethical character. An individual who harmoniously integrates goodwill, righteous virtue, noble deeds, and genuine benevolence inherently commands respect and functions as a pillar of strength within society. Throughout the rich landscape of Tamil classical tradition, both Sangam literature and ethical/justice literature (Neethi Noolgal) consistently underscore the transformative power of human virtues. Virtues such as loving-kindness, deep affection, empathy, selflessness, and boundless mercy are portrayed not merely as ideal traits, but as essential qualities that elevate a person to a status admired by all. Building upon this broader moral foundation, Sangam literature places a profound emphasis on specific virtues that govern interpersonal relationships and social order. Among these, the concept of chastity (Karpu) holds a paramount position within the Akam (interior/love) tradition. Consequently, the primary objective of this study is to examine how the virtue of chastity is conceptualized, portrayed, and revered across the thematic spectrum of Sangam literature
ஒழுக்கம் , நற்பண்பு, நற்செயல், நற்குணம், களவு, கற்பு, Discipline, good character, good deed, virtue, theft, chastity.
A Study on Tolkappiya Ceyyuliyal Principles in Alagar Killaividu Thoodu
This research paper presents a critical analysis of the application of 'Ceyyuliyal' (Poetic Principles) from the ancient Tamil grammatical treatise Tolkappiyam in the 17th-century Tamil devotional literature 'Alagar Killaividu Thoodu', authored by Palapattai Chokkanatha Pillai. The poem centers around a heroine who sends a parrot as a messenger to Lord Alagar (Vishnu) of Solaimalai to convey her longing, divine love, and distress of separation. The study investigates how classical Tolkappiyan prosodic components (Yappu, Thodai), thematic divisions (Thinai, Thurai), literary perspectives (Kootru, Ketpor), and rhetorical devices (Yamakam, Siledai, Uvamai) are harmonized within the framework of medieval Prabandham literature. The findings reveal that while strictly adhering to the rigorous structural metrics and rhythmic cadence (Seppalosai) of Venba meter, the work successfully fuses Akam (love/subjective) conventions with Puram (praise/objective) elements. It transforms romantic longing into a profound spiritual quest for union with the Divine. Ultimately, this research underscores the enduring relevance and structural versatility of Tolkappiyam's poetic theory in shaping later Tamil literary traditions.
Tolkappiyam, Ceyyuliyal, Alagar Killaividu Thoodu, Palapattai Chokkanatha Pillai, Venba, Akam Literature, Devotional Literature, தொல்காப்பியம், செய்யுளியல், அழகர் கிள்ளைவிடு தூது, பலபட்டைச் சொக்கநாத பிள்ளை, வெண்பா, அகப்பொருள், பக்தி இலக்கியம்.
Religious rituals of the people of Bachalur
Located on the western slopes of the Kodaikanal range in Dindigul district, the village of Bachalur has a unique geographical environment and a cultural history that embraces tribal traditions. This article examines the religious rituals, worship of indigenous deities, nature and ancestor worship of the people of Bachalur from my own field research perspective and a sociological perspective. This article expands on how the religious life of these people is not limited to mere rituals, their agricultural life, relationship with forests, social control and communal living. This study also deeply analyzes the contribution of these rituals in restoring the indigenous identities of the hill people.
பாச்சலூர், மலைவாழ் மக்கள், சமயச் சடங்குகள், நாட்டார் தெய்வ வழிபாடு, இயற்கை வழிபாடு, மூதாதையர் வழிபாடு, சமூக-பண்பாட்டு ஆய்வு, கள ஆய்வு.
People You Living Land For the environment As appropriate Them Biology Set up They take.This Since ancient times To this day In progress Containing Natural Series It is happening. Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Weaving, Milk That Five types Land Life and Association In literature Let's see..Among these Deserted Rough Part of.Here Robbers It happens..This is it. In the area Living People's As a profession It has been explained..Their Land As per nature People too Their Career Methods Created They took For This Best Example.That In category Kurinji Land People Mountain Dependent In areas Hunting,Honey collection,Millet Sowing,Those Guarding Like Career Depends on,Mullai Land Bishops,Cowherds Goat,Cows Herding,Milk,Yogurt,Buttermilk,Butter Production Doing Like Career Depends on,Marutham,Weaving Land Dependent People respectively Ploughing Career Depends on Fishing, Sales, you Placement Like Career Depends on Them Life Set up Have.Among these Every Land People too Their According to the land Diets Set up Have.That In category Kurinji Land People's Food About In detail It highlights
Kurinjithinai, food, millet flour, rice, customs, குறிஞ்சித்திணை, உணவு, தினை மாவு, ஐவனநெல், அரிசி, பழக்க வழக்கம்.
The Lifestyle Values of the Mullu Kurumba Tribal People
A society's 'kinship systems' and 'values of living' play a pivotal role in determining its civilizational maturity and cultural stability. Regardless of the extent of technological advancement in human civilization, it is social norms that bind a community together, preventing its disintegration. Even amidst the intense impact of modern globalization, industrialization, and urbanization, the fact that the Mullu Kurumbas of the Western Ghats have preserved their traditional family structures and clan norms intact is a phenomenon of great anthropological interest. Furthermore, this study highlights how their life-cycle rituals—spanning from birth to death—transcend mere ceremony to function as social instruments that renew the duties and rights shared among kin. The significance of this study lies in documenting—in written form—the oral traditions and social norms of an ancient tribe that are otherwise fading away in the relentless flow of time. Understanding the way of life of the Mullu Kurumbas—who continue to thrive as a crime-free, autonomous community under the guidance of their village head, known as the 'Mooppan' is essential.
முள்ளுக்குறும்பர், பாடி, சடங்கு, வழிபாடு, குடி, MulluKurumbar, settlement, ritual, worship, clan.
Therukoothu Traditions of the Kallakurichi Region
Koothu (dance-drama) truly belongs to folk culture. So whether we call them folk koothus or simply koothu, they are one and the same. The development of koothu is drama itself. It is often performed in the open spaces of villages, without any stage, hall, or such facilities. These koothus are not performed by the common folk themselves but are performed for the people — folk artists are the ones who perform these koothus. These can also be called village dramas. "Village drama holds national importance. It is a key element of a country's cultural heritage, one that brings out the people's inner thoughts, character, art, culture, and way of life" — writes Thiru Su. Vidyanandan, elaborating on the characteristics of folk drama. "The artists who perform koothus were also called koothadis (koothu performers)." There is also a saying that a koothadi looks to the east, while a hired laborer looks to the west. The reason is that koothus generally continue until dawn — this all-night performance is called kazhaikoothu. Performances like Kaniyan koothu, however, also take place during the day. Among the artists, men generally took on the larger share. Men also took on the roles of women. Later, as koothus too were affected by the passage of time, women began to find a place in them as well. The performers drew their material for koothus both from Puranas and epics, and from the everyday lives of ordinary people. Koothus with strict, planned, written formats are not common. They continue to exist mainly through oral tradition and memory. The form and content of koothus change depending on the gathered audience. Koothus also change according to the mental state/mood of the performers. Koothus are of many kinds. During the Sangam period, Kuravai koothu was widely prevalent. As offshoots of this, forms like Aychiyar Kuravai and Kunrak Kuravai flourished. The Silapathikaram mentions eleven types of koothu. Thus, many of the koothus mentioned in literature of that era have since gone out of practice. In ancient times, there were war-related koothus such as Veri Kuravai, Thunangai, Veriyaattu, Velikoothu, Vazhpavai, and Thudikkoothu, performed in battlefield-like settings; religious/devotional koothus such as Kuravai, Thunangai, Veriyaattu, Kodukotti, Pandarangam, Valli Koothu, Ariya Koothu, and Pavai Koothu; and recreational/entertainment koothus such as Thunangai, Valli Koothu, Ariya Koothu, Pavai Koothu, and Kurrak Koothu. Many of these have faded away and vanished over time, though a few can still be seen today. These can broadly be divided into two categories: those based on storytelling, and those that showcase physical skill/performance. Among the story-based koothus, they can further be divided into koothus performed by humans and koothus performed by puppets. Human koothus (Manidha koothu): examples include Therukoothu, Kaniyan koothu, and Dappankoothu. Puppet koothus (Bommai koothu): examples include Thol Paavai koothu (leather shadow puppetry) and Bommalaattam (string puppetry).
Therukoothu (Street Theatre), Musical Composition/Arrangement, Koothu Structure/Format, Festival, Rhythms/Talas. தெருக்கூத்து,இசை அமைப்பு, கூத்து அமைப்பு முறை, திருவிழா, தாளங்கள்.
Medicinal Perspectives on the Flowers Mentioned by Tolkappiyar
Nature and natural medicine are inseparably intertwined with human life in Tamil literature. Particularly, the Purathinai poems of Sangam literature portray human life, warfare, heroism, and social values through various elements of nature. Among these, flowers serve as important symbols and identifiers of the Purathinai landscape. Classical Tamil works such as the Tolkappiyam and the Purapporul Verba Mulai record a variety of flowers, ranging from Vetci to Uzhinjai, as symbolic markers of different Purathinai categories. These flowers are significant not only as literary symbols but also as valuable medicinal resources. In Siddha medicine, folk medicine, and other traditional systems of natural healing, they have been widely used in the treatment of various ailments. This study aims to examine the literary significance of the Purathinai flowers described in the Tolkappiyam and the Purapporul Venba Mulai, as well as their medicinal properties and therapeutic applications, based on data collected through textual analysis and field research.
Keywords : Purathinai, Tolkappiyam, Purapporul Venba Mulai, Purathinai Flowers, Natural Medicine, Siddha Medicine, Medicinal Plants, Sangam Literature, Literary Symbolism, Field Study, புறத்திணை, தொல்காப்பியம், புறப்பொருள் வெண்பாமாலை, புறத்திணைப் பூக்கள், இயற்கை மருத்துவம், மருத்துவத் தாவரங்கள், சித்த மருத்துவம், சங்க இலக்கியம், இலக்கியக் குறியீடுகள், களஆய்வு.
In the early days, agriculture was practiced entirely using natural methods. The excellence of farming fostered the growth of various allied occupations and led to surplus production; specific roles and corresponding tools were clearly defined for each task. Farmers employed a cultivation technique wherein the soil was tilled and allowed to dry until it reached a specific, fine consistency—a method that ensured crops flourished without the need for even a handful of manure. Beyond agriculture, these communities also engaged in group hunting. They were free from caste-based divisions, living as equals without social hierarchies, and met their needs within the forest itself. Today, however, their occupations have undergone significant changes due to the advancement of civilization and the various concessions provided by the government. The objective of this study is to examine their occupational status in the early days and the transformations that have occurred since then.
Muthuvas, Valparai, Pollachi, Folklore, Tamil
The contemporary sheep herding occupation of the Mullai landscape community and the challenges faced in it
A crucial stage in the intellectual evolution of humans, who once lived like animals, was the technique of domesticating animals. Humans domesticated animals for economic purposes, labor, meat, and hunting. A significant phase in this process was the rearing of cattle. The milk obtained from cows, and the curd, butter, and ghee derived from it, contributed to their economic development. The people who engaged in this occupation were the inhabitants of the Mullai region during the Sangam period. Cattle were considered the primary form of wealth for these people. That is, in the era of the barter system, cattle constituted wealth. Raiding and recovering cattle formed the basis of the first wars. It is also noteworthy that cattle were raised for meat. Studies suggest that the pastoral people who raised cattle during the Sangam period are the ancestors of the present-day shepherds, who continue to practice sheep herding as their caste-based occupation. Just as protecting cattle was a complex task during the Sangam period, shepherds today face various challenges in their sheep-herding profession.
ஆயர், இடையர், சங்க காலம், ஆடு மேய்த்தல், பெண், முல்லை
Self and imagery in the Ainkurunuru poems – based on Jacques Lacan
Sangam literature stands as a treasure trove that reveals the life and culture of the Tamils ​​to the world. These literary works have permeated the hearts of the Tamils ​​through symbols. The Sangam poets have depicted the lives of the hero and heroine through imagery. They have expressed their imaginative abilities by using natural objects as symbols for emotions of love. The fundamental basis for these symbols is language. It is this language that contains the signifiers. This is what Jacques Lacan refers to as encompassing everything. Jacques Lacan is a significant figure in psychology after Freud. His concepts of signifier and signified have had a profound impact on psychology. In this context, this article examines the role of language in the Sangam-era human life, which is structured by signifiers and signifieds, and the expressions of the hero and heroine through signifiers, based on the poems of Ainkurunuru.
Sangam, லக்கான், சுயம், பிம்பம், தலைவன், தலைவி, ஐங்குறுநூறு
The Tiger - Stabbed Stone – Based on field Research
Since the dawn of humanity, when humans lived in forests, they have worshipped nature and lived in fear of death. They developed the practice of creating funerary monuments for the deceased. One such type of monument is the dolmen. These dolmens are approximately three thousand years old, and they feature drawings and paintings. Subsequently, during the megalithic period, hero stones or memorial stones for the deceased came into existence. Tamil warriors protected their villages from enemies, and when enemies raided cattle, the warrior(s) would fight to recover the cattle and die a heroic death in battle. A warrior would also die a heroic death after protecting the village from invading enemies. A warrior would even sacrifice his life for the well-being of the king. In honor of these warriors who sacrificed their lives, the general public, the king, and their relatives erected hero stones. These warriors protected the people not only from enemies but also from wild animals, particularly tigers, safeguarding cattle and people, and dying a heroic death in the process. Hero stones were erected to commemorate such heroes.
Tiger-slaying stone, memorial stone, hero stone, Yelagiri Hills, Marimanapalli, புலிக்குத்திப்பட்டான் கல், நடுகல், வீரக்கல், ஏலகிரிமலை, மரிமானப்பள்ளி
Nilgiris household staples of the Paniyar people's
Humans have been using plant materials to meet their needs in some environment. Nutrients are essential to human life. From birth to death we live dependent on some object. Today, due to the change in civilization, the vegetable products that are intertwined with people's life and development are in a questionable state. Culture marks the inner state of human life, despite the fact that man fully realizes the great potential of natural resources, but its use is sidelined. External food, clothing and location describe objectivity. Civilization is shaking the world today. Even in this situation, the working people continue to use bamboo products without changing the culture.
Paniyar, Nilgiris, Folklore, household staples, Tamil.
Food system of Palanthamizhar in Human Values
This study examines the food culture of ancient Tamil society as depicted in Sangam literature and explores how these dietary practices reveal important human values such as sharing, ecological harmony, and social responsibility. Ancient Tamils lived in close connection with the natural environment, and their food habits were shaped by the landscapes of Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, and Palai. The paper analyzes literary evidence from works such as Akananuru, Purananuru, Nattrinai, and moral texts like Thirukkural to illustrate how food was not merely sustenance but a reflection of ethical living. The study documents various food sources—wild honey, edible roots, small creatures such as crabs, snails, and tortoises, along with agricultural produce like kollu, ulundu, avarai, varagu, and sesame. These reveal a diet that was seasonal, resource-conscious, and adapted to the environment. The preparation and consumption of traditional beverages such as kal (toddy) also highlight the social and cultural dynamics of the time, showing their role in hospitality, warrior life, and community gatherings. Additionally, the paper discusses how ancient Tamils shared food within families, villages, and among travelers, embodying values of generosity and compassion. The sustainable agricultural and culinary practices they followed demonstrate an early understanding of ecology and respect for biodiversity. Overall, the study concludes that the ancient Tamil food system was deeply rooted in simplicity, sustainability, and moral principles. Their food practices reveal a civilization that valued nature, community life, and ethical conduct, offering meaningful insights for contemporary discussions on culture, heritage, and sustainable living.
Ancient Tamil food culture; Sangam literature; human values; indigenous food systems; traditional diet; millet-based nutrition; pulses and legumes; ethnographic food studies; cultural ecology; natural food habits; communal food practices; pastoral and agrarian society; traditional fermentation; native beverages; literary anthropology; ecological lifestyle; early Tamil agriculture; food symbolism; heritage food studies; Tamil cultural history.
Sociological Ideas Manasu Sutriya Mavali by Pavalar Vaiyavan
Literature is a time mirror that highlights the biological positions of the people. This article examines the sociological thoughts featured in the collection of poems surrounding the mind of the Pawar Vaiyavan. In the smallest form, the sinner expresses his thoughts. Poetry of Pawar Vaiyavan points to the fact that the practice of today's social life, the risks of people face by the clutches of the service -based fields, and the complications of the sciences of the science industry. During this time, many works, such as poetry, essay, short story, novel, drama, travel literature, translation literature and correspondence, are published on the Internet and speaking on the Internet. Sociology describes human society, social relations, behaviors and lifestyle in scientific view.
மனித உறவுகளின் மனப்பாங்கு, பாலின சமத்துவம், வணிக மேலாதிக்கம், கல்விச் சூழல், உழைப்புச் சுரண்டல், ஊடகத்தின் போக்கு, வேளாண் பதிவுகள்
Copyright (c) 2025 MASIVAN : JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDIES https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Nourishing Identity: Food's Role in Diasporic Experiences in La-hiri's 'A Temporary Matter' and 'When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine'
Food forms a fundamental element in the cycle of life, influencing not only individual behavior but also shaping the actions of communities and entire societies. For immigrants and those living away from their homeland, food plays a crucial role in preserving identity. Di-asporic literature—works created by writers residing outside their country of origin—often re-flects this connection. This paper analyzes how food plays a significant role in exploring di-asporic themes within two short stories from Jhumpa Lahiri's renowned collection, Interpreter of Maladies: "A Temporary Matter" and "When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine." The central aim of this study is to explore how food symbolically shapes and reflects the diasporic experiences portrayed in these narratives. In “A Temporary Matter,” Lahiri por-trays a couple dealing with emotional distance following a personal tragedy, where food serves as a symbolic representation of their changing relationship, with meal preparation and con-sumption mirroring their inner emotional landscapes. In contrast, “When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine” highlights cultural dislocation against a backdrop of political unrest, using shared meals as a medium for connection and remembrance of home. This paper emphasizes the sensory and emotional roles food plays in these stories, of-fering insight into how Lahiri intricately weaves culinary imagery to represent the complexities faced by diasporic individuals. Ultimately, the analysis seeks to show how Lahiri’s nuanced portrayal of food functions as a powerful metaphor for the broader diasporic journey, enriching the conversation on the role of food in diasporic literature.
food, cultural displacement, diasporic identity, metaphor, emotional states, strained marriage
Exploring Identity and Immigration in Bharathi Mukherjee’s Novels
Bharathi Mukherjee’s novels offer a profound exploration of identity through the lens of immi-gration, cultural heritage, and personal transformation. This article examines key themes across her works, including the fluidity of identity, gender norms, assimilation, and resilience. In ‘Jasmine’, Mukherjee illustrates the protagonist’s transformative journey between her Punjabi roots and American experiences, highlighting the complexities of self-reinvention. ‘Wife’ cri-tiques traditional gender roles and their impact on personal autonomy, while ‘Leave It to Me’ delves into the challenges of reconciling adopted and biological identities. ‘The Holder of the World’ explores how historical legacies shape personal identity, and ‘Desirable Daughters’ portrays the empowerment and resilience of three sisters navigating cultural expectations. Mukherjee’s nuanced storytelling provides a deep understanding of how individuals negotiate their cultural heritage and personal aspirations. Through her empathetic and insightful narra-tives, Mukherjee addresses universal themes of identity and belonging, offering valuable per-spectives on the immigrant experience and the ongoing quest for self-discovery. Her work re-mains relevant for its ability to connect with readers on fundamental questions of identity and cultural integration.
Immigrant experience, cultural heritage, identity transformation, gender norms, personal em-powerment
Rituals have existed since the time of man. Rituals have occupied a place that has not been removed. Rituals are also part of the manifestation of the human race. All rituals are expressed emotionally based on beliefs. Rituals are divided into two categories life rituals and death rituals. The ritual performed at the end of life is the death ritual. These are also called funeral rituals and funeral rites. The purpose of performing these rituals is to express unbearable grief. The deceased are considered gods and guide their family, and many rituals are performed to break the relation-ship between the family and him and reach the feet of God. These rituals, such as breaking coconuts, applying ghee, bringing water, pouring khoti, having grandchildren tie ghee, changing clothes, pouring money, burying, keeping the ashes in holy places, etc., vary according to the place where they live and according to caste, religion and clan.
சடங்கு, பழங்குடி, ஆவிகள், இறப்பு, வழிபாடு, Ritual,Tribe, Spirits, Death, Worship
Life records of the Kudinavitar in the novel Neevali Padoom
The life and history of the marginalized people, who are known by many names such as Navitar, Ambattaiyar, Pariyar, etc., are discussed in the novel Neeravai Paduum. The Kudi Navitars were the original doctors, soldiers, astrologers, and worshippers. During the period when the Varnasirma Dharma entered Tamil Nadu, these people were forced to do only the profession of hair cutting. Similarly, female Nasuwattis were the doctors and midwives for women. At the same time, they were people with great love and humanity for their fellow human beings. But it is worth noting that this has changed after the emergence of caste. The role of Vedic religion in completely eliminating medical knowledge and establishing them as cultural slaves is immense. Similarly, the backward caste plays an important role in exploiting them. In this way, the novel Neeravai Paduum records the real life of the Navitars.
குடிநாவிதர், காருமாமா, ஒப்பாரி, நாவல், மருத்துவம்
The Tamil language, also known as Tamizh, is a timeless symbol of cultural identity, historical nuance, and intellectual depth that goes beyond simple communication. This essay investigates Tamizh’s ongoing vitality and tenacity in the face of contemporary linguistic influences and socio-political difficulties. With its roots in an unbroken literary history that stretches back thousands of years, Tamizh continues to be used in its social and holy contexts in addition to being spoken and written. The language has long been entwined with culture, science, and everyday life, as evidenced by temples that revere it as divine, great literature like Thirukkural that is admired throughout the world, and buildings like the Grand Anicut and musical temples that attest to the Tamizh people’s inventiveness. However, the forced growth of Hindi and the supremacy of English in modern culture pose existential challenges. This essay contends that intergenerational transmission and diasporic pride preserve Tamizh language purity and cultural significance in spite of code-switching movements like “Tanglish”.
Murugavel's novel Punaipaavai: Kulakuriyam
In the Sangam period society, the five land-based lifestyles identified the themes of the five regions. These themes have become established as the tribal symbols of those people. In this, all the themes except God point to the object. They had a materialistic mindset. The advent of religions moved the tribal symbols that had a materialistic basis into the ideological mindset. In it, people who had a tribal lifestyle were forced to become caste groups and identify themselves as superior and inferior instead of distinguishing themselves from others. On this basis, this article is a way of examining the tribal symbols of the tribal people seen in the fictional novel by I. Murugavel.
குலக்குறியம், புனைப்பாவை, ஜார்ஜ் தாம்சன், சமூகம், இனக்குழு
Representation of Women and Women’s discourse in Novel Arukattuthurai
Literature serves as a reflection of society, capturing the complexities of human experience and the cultural contexts in which it is produced. This study undertakes a critical examination of the construction of femininity in Tamilselvi's novel AruKaattuthurai, with a specific focus on the protagonist Samuthiravalli. Drawing on the theoretical framework of Mary Ellman, a pioneering feminist literary critic, this research explores how the novel perpetuates or subverts patriarchal notions of womanhood. Ellman's seminal work highlights the repetitive patterns of female characterization in literature, revealing the ways in which societal attitudes towards women are reflected and reinforced through literary representations. Through a feminist critique informed by Ellman's insights, this study analyses the character of Samuthiravalli, examining how the author's subconscious biases shape the feminine construct and whether the character serves as a voice for feminine experience. By deconstructing the literary representation of women in AruKaattuthurai, this research
Feminism, Feminist Criticism, Literary Representation, Patriarchy, Womanhood, Mary Ellman, Tamilselvi, AruKaattuthurai, Samuthiravalli, Gender Dynamics, Literary Analysis
Depictions of Contemporary Indian Society and Culture in the Novels of Vikas Swarup and Aravind Adiga
This study offers a comparative analysis of the works of Aravind Adiga and Vikas Swarup, highlighting their literary engagement with a range of contemporary societal issues in India. It examines how both authors, through distinct narrative voices, reflect the universality of human experience while presenting nuanced portrayals of modern Indian society. The paper explores the ways, in which individuals confront present-day challenges, drawing attention to the authors' unique yet overlapping perspectives on social realities. Their novels vividly depict social struggles, personal conflicts, and pressing socio-cultural concerns, providing valuable insight into India's rapidly transforming social landscape. Through a lens of social realism, Adiga and Swarup authentically represent the complexities of Indian life, a quality that has earned them international acclaim and literary recognition. Their narratives, encompassing both novels and short stories, serve as powerful commentaries on the evolving fabric of Indian society.
Evolving Indian society, Indian culture, tradition, developments and challenges
The Changing Landscape and The Climate’s Fury In Amitav Ghosh’s Gun Island
Ghosh reflects the connection between today’s climate crisis and the Gun Merchant to highlight the ties between the past and the present to identify the origin of the crisis. The novel encounters the war between profit and nature that defines the modern world. Deen comes to know about the merchant from Nilam Bose, an elderly woman who had a trust and once visited the Shrine herself. The novel explains the extraordinary event in an ordinary human experience. Initially, Deen faces a challenge in learning to cope up with the experience and to connect with the human and nonhuman. Ghosh connects the Sundarbans forest scene with Salman Rushdie’s ‘Midnight Children’ where the protagonist Saleem Sinai takes refuge among the nonhumans. The novel reflects the scientific perspectives of climate change through the character Piya, a Bengali American marine biologist. When Nilima is in the Sundarbans, Piya visits the place from Kolkata to look over her research project. Deen meets Piya at Nilima’s lace before he visits to the Sundarbans. Piya acts as a center point to Deen long term friend Cinta, an Italian academic and renowned scholar of Venetian history, represents the spirit of science to explain the effect of climate change.
Tempations Caused by Lotus Eaters and Circe’s Feast in Homer’s “Odyssey”
The comparison of food and literature reveals how these themes penetrate all human experiences. This paper examines the temptations of food and alcohol and their repercussions in Homer's Odyssey. Odysseus and his crew encounter the Lotus-Eaters, a tribe of people who live on an island and eat lotus flowers. Those who eat the lotus have no desire to return home and prefer to stay on the island, basking in the lotus' bliss. This threatens Odysseus' mission since his men risk growing arrogant and losing sight of their goal. In addition, the gang visits Circe's enchanted castle, which is a feasting site where Odysseus and his crew are enticed with lavish food and drink, resulting in temptation. Odysseus and his companions encounter the evil witch Circe on the island of Aeaea. Circe transforms the crew into pigs, but Odysseus defeats her sorcery with the help of the god Hermes and his own wits, forcing her to restore his men to human form. Circe then becomes Odysseus' ally, guiding him through the upcoming challenges and providing valuable information about his mission. This article explores the themes of change, temptation, and the importance of cleverness and resilience in the face of supernatural hardship.
Temptation, Self-control, Feast, Desire, Pleasure
Can Art Undo Real-Life Damage? A Study of Ian McEwan’s “Atonement”
Abstract Art serves as a potent tool for distillation trauma, safeguarding memories and providing symbolic opportunities for healing. This paper explores the question of Can art undo real-life damage? It investigates that creative expression can repair emotional, psychological or social harm by examining literary fiction and visual art practices. While real life consequences may remain unchanged it cannot be changed just by confronting but this paper argues that art creates a reflective space where understanding, mourning and even moral transformation can happen. Through examples like Ian McEwan’s Atonement, Picasso’s Guernica and modern trauma therapy, this journal illustrates how art can offer recognition and restoration but not reversal.
Social Status During The Times of Sangam Female Poets Anchil Anjiyaar and Varumulaiyaaraththiyaar
More than forty female poets have been lived in sanga literarture period. The songs talk about the place of women in the society of that time and their social problems. In this way, the songs of two female poets, Anzil Anjiyar and Varumulaiyarathiyar, reveal the social position of the Sangam women. Women are also engaged in various professions to advance economic development at par with men for the development of society and family. Not only that, the songs of the two poets show that women lived in high and low status in the society of that time. The article explores the social situation of the time, the problems faced by women in it, and its culture.
Culture, Sangam literature, Female poet, Kalavu, Karpu, பண்பாடு,சங்க இலக்கியம், பெண்பாற் புலவர்கள், களவு, கற்பு
Biological elements in Porunaratruppadai
Sanga literature is referred to as Pattu Thogai. In this, Pattu means ten literature and Thogai means eightfold. A large part of the Pattuppat is composed of Aarthupadai texts. In these books, the poets explain about the kings, their hospitality, the food and clothing of the citizens, and the elements of life through people like Panar, Virali, Porunan etc. Aartuppadai literature is a time-piece that explains the various phases of the life of artists like Panar, Virali, Prativana, etc. Porunan's life in a state of poverty with his neighbors, Karikaal Peruvalathan's love for artists like Porunan, the richness of the river Cauvery, the mind-blowing amount of land resources, and the fact that women composed music and sang songs can be known through Porunaratupadai. When Porunan and his entourage were traveling in the land of milk, the milky water was enough to make them faint if they met the people on the way. The high morals of the ancient people were that others like them should also get all the riches they got. This article shows that the people of that time lived a long life in poverty.
Karikalan, Porunar, Sanga Ilakkiyam, Biologocal, Yazh, Marudham Land, கரிகாலன், பொருநர், சங்க இலக்கியம், வாழ்வியல், யாழ், மருத நிலம்.
Pathikam and Payiramarabu TradItion in Tamil
The Tamil literature has followed a traditional grammatical system. It describes the method of composing the book, the beginning of the book and the nature of the book. Among them, the Padika tradition and the Payira tradition are noteworthy. One of the oldest classical literatures of the Tamil language is the singing of songs about a single subject in a single verse called Pathika. During the Sangam period, the Pathika system can be seen in the Pathitruppattu and Aingurunutra. As a stage of its development, Karaikkal Ammaiyarelangattu composed the book called Vuththira Thirupatipikam for the first time. Bhavanandiyar, as the tradition of Payira, states that although the Pathika system appeared in the Sangam period, it gained special influence in Tamil only after the emergence of the Alvars and Nayanmars.
பாயிரம், பதிகம், நன்னூல், மரபு, நன்னூல், பொதுப்பாயிரம், சிறப்புப் பாயிரம், Paiyaram, Pathikam, Nannool, Genealogy, Nannool, General Paiyaram, Special Paiyaram